Contents

Acknowledgements Acknowledgements v

Preface Preface vii

Chapter 1: Background, Development, and Overview 1

Background of the Facial Action Coding System 2

Development of the Facial Action Coding System 4

An Example of Scoring Faces 10

Concluding Comments 12

Chapter 2: Reliability of the Facial Action Coding System 15

A. Reliability Issues 15

B. The Behavior Sample 16

C. The Coders 16

D. Procedure 17

E. Raw Data Matrix 17

F. An Index of Agreement 17

G. Overall Agreement 19

H. Did Scoring Head/Eye Position Inflate Reliability? 19

I. Does Arbitrating Differences Enhance Agreement? 19

J. Agreement About Intensity 21

K. Representativeness of the Behavior Sample 22

L. Errors in Scoring Particular Action Units 22

M. Reliability in Location of Facial Action 23

N. Another Look at Description Reliability 24

0. Summary and Discussion 25

Chapter 3: Behavior Records Required for Using FACS 27

Chapter 4: Training Procedure 29

Chapter 5: Materials in the Facial Action Coding System 31

Chapter 6: FACS Score Checker Computer Program 35

Chapter 7: Correct Answers for Practice Scoring Items 41

Chapter 8: How Others Scored Practice Items 69

Chapter 9: FACS in Relation to Other Facial Measurement Systems 101

9.1. Introduction 101

9.2. The basis for deriving units 105

9.3. Comprehensiveness or selectivity 107

9.4. Depicting facial measurement units 112

9.5. Separating inference from description 113

9.6. Types of records and persons to which measurement has been applied 114

9.7. Reliability 115

9.8. Validity 118

9.9. Costs 121

9.10. Other techniques for facial measurement 122

9.11. Conclusions 124

Appendix. How the facial action brow raise is described in each of the 14 measurement techniques 125

References 128

Chapter 10: FACS Measurement Units Compared to Others 133

Visual Categorical Measurement 134

Scalar measurement 137

Method of Comparing Visual Categorical Units 138

Using the Appendixes 141

Summary 145

References 145

Chapter 11: Scoring the Separate Strands of AU 4: AUs 41, 42, and 44 163

Action Unit 41 - Glabella Lowerer 165

Action Unit 42 - Inner Eyebrow Lowerer 167

Action Unit 44 - Eyebrow Gatherer 169

Video Examples for AUs 41, 42, and 44 172

Chapter 12: Suggestions About Using FACS 173

1. Translating AU Scores Into Emotion Terms 173

2. Options in Scoring Location of an AU in Time 175

3. Delineating Events 178

4. Scoring Head and Eye Movements 180

5. Scoring Movements in Relation to Speech 181

6. Short Cuts in Measuring Facial Movement 181

7. A Final Note 181

Chapter 13: Assessing Proficiency: The FACS Final Test 183