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Contents
Preface Preface to the CD ROM Version vii
Chapter 1: Introduction to Facial Measurement 1
Purpose and Overview 1
Terminology 2
Learning Procedure 5
How to Interpret the Illustrations of Muscles 6
How to Read the AU Sections 6
Introduction to the Reference Sections 11
Chapter 2: Upper Face Action Units 15
Action Unit 4 - Brow Lowerer 17
Action Unit 1 - Inner Brow Raiser 20
Action Unit 2 - Outer Brow Raiser 22
Action Unit 5 - Upper Lid Raiser 24
Action Unit 7 - Lid Tightener 28
Action Unit 6 - Cheek Raiser and Lid Compressor 31
Introduction to AUs 43, 45, 46 35
Action Unit 43 - Eye Closure - Optional 36
Action Unit 45 - Blink - Optional 39
Action Unit 46 - Wink - Optional 40
Subtle Differences Among Single Action Units in the Upper Face 41
Action Unit Combinations in the Upper Face 43
Action Unit Combination 4+5 44
Action Unit Combination 5+7 48
Action Unit Combination 1+4 51
Action Unit Combination 1+2 54
Action Unit Combination 1+2+4 56
Action Unit Combination 1+2+5 59
Action Unit Combinations 6+43E, 7+43E 62
Other Action Unit Combinations in the Upper Face 65
Subtle Differences Involving Action Units in the Upper Face 67
Alternative Rules Involving Upper Face Actions 71
Chapter 3: Scoring Upper Face Action Units 73
Notation 73
Score Sheet 73
Scoring Procedure 74
Summary of Scoring Steps 80
Interrelationship Among Scoring Steps 81
A Warning 81
Examples of Scoring 81
Final Advice Before Scoring 87
Practice Scoring 87
Chapter 4: Lower Face Action Units - Up/Down Actions 91
Action Unit 9 - Nose Wrinkler 93
Action Unit 10 - Upper Lip Raiser 95
Action Unit 17 - Chin Raiser 98
Action Unit 15 - Lip Corner Depressor 100
Action Units 25, 26, 27 - Lips Part, Jaw Drop, Mouth Stretch 103
Action Units 16 and 16+25 - Lower Lip Depressor 113
Subtle Differences Among Single Up/Down Action Units in the Lower Face 118
Action Unit Combinations Involving Up/Down Actions 120
Action Unit Combination - 9+16+25 121
Action Unit Combination - 10+16+25 126
Action Unit Combination - 9+17 130
Action Unit Combinations - 10+15, 10+17, 15+17, 10+15+17 133
Other Action Unit Combinations Involving Up/Down Actions 138
Practice Scoring 139
Subtle Differences Involving Up/Down Actions in the Lower Face 141
Alternative Rules Involving Up/Down Actions 144
Chapter 5: Lower Face Action Units - Horizontal Actions 145
Action Unit 20 - Lip Stretcher 146
Action Unit 14 - Dimpler 148
Subtle Differences Among Single Horizontal Action Units in the Lower Face 151
Action Unit Combinations Involving Horizontal and Up/Down Actions 153
Action Unit Combinations - 20+26, 20+27 154
Action Unit Combination - 10+14 159
Action Unit Combination - 14+17 162
Action Unit Combination - 10+20+25 165
Practice Scoring 169
Subtle Differences Involving Horizontal Actions in the Lower Face 171
Chapter 6: Lower face Action Units - Oblique Actions 175
Action Unit 11 - Nasolabial Furrow Deepener 176
Action Unit 12 - Lip Corner Puller 178
Action Unit 13 - Sharp Lip Puller 182
Subtle Differences Among Single Oblique Action Units in the Lower Face 185
Action Unit Combinations Involving Oblique Actions 187
Action Unit Combinations - 6+12, 7+12, 6+7+12 188
Action Unit Combinations - 10+12+25, 12+16+25, 10+12+16+25 194
Action Unit Combinations - 12+26, 12+27 200
Action Unit Combination - 12+17 205
Action Unit Combinations - 12+15, 12+15+17, 6+12+15, 6+12+15+17 208
Practice Scoring 222
Subtle Differences Involving Oblique Actions in the Lower Face 225
Chapter 7: Lower Face Action Units - Orbital Actions 231
Action Unit 18 - Lip Pucker 233
Action Unit 22 and 22+25 - Lip Funneler 235
Action Unit 23 - Lip Tightener 237
Action Unit 24 - Lip Presser 241
Action Unit 28 and 26+28 - Lips Suck 243
Subtle Differences Among Single Orbital Action Units in the Lower Face 245
Action Unit Combinations Involving Orbital Actions 246
Action Unit Combination - 10+23+25 247
Action Unit Combinations - 12+23, 12+24 251
Action Unit Combination - 14+23 256
Action Unit Combinations - 17+23, 17+24 259
Action Unit Combinations - 6+12+17+23 or 12+17+23 263
Action Unit Combination - 10+17+23 268
Action Unit Combination - 18+23 272
Action Unit Combination - 15+23 274
Action Unit Combination - 23+25+26 277
Action Unit Combination - 22+23+25 281
Action Unit Combination - 20+23+25 284
Practice Scoring 288
Subtle Differences Involving Orbital Actions in the Lower Face 290
Chapter 8: Miscellaneous Actions and Supplementary Codes 295
Action Units 8+25 - Lips Toward Each Other 296
Action Descriptor 19 - Tongue Show 298
Action Unit 21 - Neck Tightener 300
Action Descriptor 29 - Jaw Thrust 302
Action Descriptor 30 - Jaw Sideways 304
Action Unit 31 - Jaw Clencher 306
Action Descriptor 32 - Bite 308
Action Descriptor 33 - Blow 310
Action Descriptor 34 - Puff 311
Action Descriptor 35 - Suck 312
Action Descriptor 36 - Bulge 314
Action Descriptor 37 - Lip Wipe 316
Action Unit 38 - Nostril Dilator 317
Action Unit 39 - Nostril Compressor 319
Eye Movement Codes M68, 69, and M69 321
Visibility Codes 70, 71, 72, and 73 322
Head Movement Code M83 323
Gross Behavior Codes 40, 50, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 91, 92 324
Practice Scoring 325
Subtle Differences Involving the Miscellaneous Actions 326
Chapter 9: Head and Eye Positions 329
51 - Head Turn Left
52 - Head Turn Right 331
53 - Head Up 333
54 - Head Down 334
55 - Head Tilt Left
56 - Head Tilt Right 336
Head movement codes M55 and M56 338
57 - Head Forward
58 - Head Back 339
Head Movement Codes M57, M59, and M60 340
61 - Eyes Turn Left
62 - Eyes Turn Right 341
Eye Movement Codes M61 and M62 343
63 - Eyes Up
64 - Eyes Down 344
65 - Walleye 347
66 - Cross-eye 347
Chapter 10: Scoring Procedure 349
Notation 349
Score Sheet 350
Instructions for Scoring Lower Face and Upper Face 351
Chapter 11: Advanced Scoring Techniques 357
Scoring AUs During Speech 357
Identifying Facial Events 359
Scoring Action Units as Unilateral or Asymmetrical 370
Appendix I: Index to Video Examples 377
Appendix II: Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos 381
Appendix III: Master Subtle Differences Table 435
Appendix IV: Master Table of Alternative AUs 455
Index Subject Index 457
Example Images Reference Example Images 465
Practice Images Practice Images 499
Score Sheet Facial Action Coding System: Score Sheet 513
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A Human Face